Dead Load

Dead loads are calculated during structural design and remain essentially constant throughout the building's life. Typical values: reinforced concrete slab 24 kN/m3, steel framing varies by section, masonry walls 18-22 kN/m3, ceiling and services 0.5-1.0 kN/m2. Dead loads are distinguished from live loads (variable, occupancy-related) and environmental loads (wind, seismic). Combined with safety factors per design code (BNBC, ACI 318, ASCE 7).

Dead load calculations determine the minimum structural capacity required. Errors in dead load estimation lead to under-designed structures. Adding permanent elements (heavy partitions, water tanks, equipment) increases dead load and may exceed design capacity if not verified by a structural engineer.